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Sioux County
Region 3
    1 Mrs. May Hinton, Selfridge 0866A & B
    2 Mr. Si Umber and Mr. Henry Arndt, Selfridge 0867A & B
    3 Mr. Jim Gayton and Mr. and Mrs. Henry Gayton, Selfridge 0869A & B
    4 Mr. Albert Cerney, Selfridge 0870A & B
    5 Mrs. Jack (Clara) Ramey, Fort Yates 0871A & B
    6 Mrs. Bernice Henderson, Solen 0872A & B
    7 Mrs. Gladys Zahn, Fort Yates 0873A & B
    7a Frank Zahn (copy of an old tape recording), Fort Yates
    8 Judge William L. Gipp, Fort Yates 0875A & B
    9 Mr. Leo Cadotte, Fort Yates 0876A & B
    10 Mr. Bert Gwyther, Cannonball 0878A & B
    11 Mr. Charles Goodreaux, Rural Shields 0879A & B
    12 Mr. and Mrs. Forrest Otis, Bismarck 0881A & B
Tape #1 Mrs. May Hinton (Selfridge)(Nelson County)
    000 – Introduction
    020 – Family history; Her college education; Her father’s  newspapers in Nelson County; Social life and celebrations in Aneta, ND; Family  life
    152 – Support for the NPL in the Lakota area
    166 – Her father’s newspaper business; Family history
    236 – Nationalities and early settlers in the Aneta area;  Family history; Her teaching jobs in North Dakota
    452 – Teaching in Lignite; North Dakota in the 1920’s
    568 – Her husband; Her family
    592 – Hard times in Shields and the friendliness of the  town; The 1930’s; Contemporary Selfridge
    722 – Side Two
    736 – Teaching in Shields during the late 1930’s
    775 – White relations with Indians in Shields
    815 – Memories of Frank Fiske and other old timers
    960 – Changes she has seen in Indian culture; Indian  schools; Mistreatment of Indians by the US Government regarding land  allotments; Sioux County in general
    073 – Her husband’s family history
    124 – First impressions of Shields
    148 – WPA projects in Shields; white-Indian relations and  intermarriage; The 1930’s
    226 – Obtaining telephone service; Delivering mail and  groceries by airplane; Improving area roads
    290 – Teaching school and serving as Sioux County  Superintendent of Schools
    444 – End of tape
Tape #2 Mr. Si Umber and Mr. Henry Arndt (Selfridge)
    000 – Introduction
    020 – Their family histories and homesteads near Shields,  North Dakota; Arndt’s purchase of land and cattle from Ott Black; Recollections  of Mustache Maud
    119 – Early cowboys in the Sioux County area
    157 – White relations with Indians in the early 1900’s
    190 – Grazing cattle on open range; Bad snowstorms
    220 – Arndt’s family history and homestead; His schooling
    253 – Umber’s family history; Work at his uncle’s livery  stable; The blind pig in Shields; Poker games and colorful characters in early  Shields; Businesses in early Shields
    377 – Cattle breeds in the area; Sheep ranchers; Stores  in early Shields
    441 – Early settlers in the Dog Tooth Creek area
    483 – First post offices in the Sioux-Grant County area;  Traveling to Mandan to purchase supplies
    582 – The flu epidemic of 1918
    620 – Hard times in the early 1900’s on homesteads and  ranches; Anecdotes about various families; Anecdote about sleeping in a livery  stable; Recollections of a Negro family
    857 – Comments on white-Indian relations
    888 – Failure of the Shields Bank
    930 – Side Two
    950 – Observations on modern society and New Deal  Programs
    205 – Their children
    220 – Making a living during the 1930’s
    260 – Comments on the American Indian Movement
    272 – End of tape
Tape #3 Jim Gayton and Mr. and Mrs. Henry Gayton
    000 – Introduction
    020 – Story of his father’s trip west
    037 – His mother’s Sioux background and father’s  employment at Fort Rice
    059 – His father’s wood yard at Glen Avon bottom
    079 – Story of why his father moved his wood yard
    104 – Father’s woodcutting operation
    121 – Family moves to Horsehead Bottom or Gayton’s  Landing
    139 – Gaytons take cattle across Missouri
    156 – Steamboat recollections; Captain Massey’s bullet  wound
    187 – Gaytons get thirty-two sections in Sioux County
    211 – Murder of Andy Marsh’s wife; Father’s work  arrangement with men; Cost of staple foods
    250 – Trading policy with Indians
    260 – Identifying and taking possession of family land;  Living quarters for family
    288 – Government food supplies for Indians
    301 – Indians get food, presents, citizenship, and taxes
    337 – More on family history; Parent’s deaths; Family  divides up cattle; Sell cattle in drought
    425 – Jim’s railroad and farming experiences; Weather  conditions
    447 – Hunting experiences; Father’s buffalo stories
    528 – Horse stories
    584 – Wild horses; Horse and cattle rustling; Ott Black;  Moustache Maude; Disease testing in horses
    694 – Homesteaders come to Sioux County; Big farming  operations on prairie; Present leasing practices
    781 – Bismarck-Winona Stageline; Route and drivers; Early  Bismarck
    945 – Steamboats on Missouri River; I.P. Baker; Wool  Warehouse
    995 – Weather and Missouri River; Coyotes; Weather  changes by animal behavior
    030 – Recent bad storm; Cattle losses
    076 – Jim’s first marriage; Second marriage
    124 – Railroading; Digging up graves at Fort Yates
    180 – Frank Fiske; Fiske family; Mrs. Henry Gayton  reading about Fort Dilts Expedition
    247 – People around area in earlier days; Sitting Bull;  Francis Zahn
    318 – Baseball recollections from area; Joe Day – Pitcher
    404 – Rodeos and fairs in region; Mrs. Henry Gayton  reading about baseball team; More on team
    498 – 30’s; Hoppers and dust; Thistles and hay; Cottonseed  cake
    586 – WPA work; Making it through the 30’s
    713 – Ground water in area; Move on WPA work
    782 – Churches; Early family feud
    850 – End of tape
Tape #4 Mr. Albert Cerney (Selfridge)
    000 – Introduction
    020 – Immigration to Sioux County from Czechoslovakia in  1911; His work on a farm in Oliver County before coming to Sioux County in 1915
    146 – His farm north of Selfridge; Building his shack and  barn; Working on the Sid Parkin Ranches; The stockyards at Chadwick
    316 – His first impressions of North Dakota
    330 – Early settlers north of Selfridge; Distance between  homes
    387 – Advertising for a wife; His marriage and wife’s  family history
    438 – Recollections of Ott Black, Mustache Maud, and  “Turkey Track” Bill
    520 – Large ranches in the area
    561 – White relations with Indians
    584 – Learning to speak English; Social life and  entertainment; The Shields Rodeo
    628 – Good and poor crop and hay years from 1915-1961
    725 – Moving to a farm southwest of Selfridge in 1923;  His children
    732 – Side Two
    732 – Making a living during the 1930’s; Selling cream in  Selfridge
    796 – Cost of lumber and building materials in the  1920’s; His farm; Finding hired help
    840 – Towns where he bought supplies
    865 – Reflections on life in Sioux County; Sources of  income on his farm
    922 – Reading material he got in the early 1900’s; His  support for the Farmer’s Union
    960 – General conversation
    016 – Sources of fuel for cook stoves; Local coal veins;  Ease of finding good drinking water
    089 – Gardening and preserving food
    097 – His first car, a Model T, in 1924
    130 – Threshing; Farming with horses until 1945
    208 – Getting flour from a mill in South Dakota; Sources  of income on his farm – Turkeys, hogs, chickens, butchering cattle and hogs
    330 – Obtaining electricity and telephone in recent years
    373 – Land use from 1920 – 1940 on his farm
    461 – End of tape
    Comment:  This is  probably the only interview we have with and immigrant from Czechoslovakia
Tape #5 Mrs. Jack (Clara) Ramey (Fort Yates)
    000 – Introduction
    020 – Her schooling at Fort Yates Catholic School
    032 – Her work on the Parkin Ranch at Cannonball; The  Parkin log house; Mr. and Mrs. Parkin and Lucille Van Solen; Operation of the  Parkin Ranch; The Galpin family
    230 – Her family; Her father; Mr. Bill Zahn, and his  marriage to her mother
    308 – The Catholic School in Fort Yates
    335 – Her father’s stories about Custer, Major Reno, and  the army; His experiences at Little Big Horn Battle
    462 – Her parent’s family history
    488 – John Grass; Indian stories for children
    602 – Her ancestors at Wounded Knee Massacre
    630 – Her father’s friendship with Sitting Bull
    690 – Her father’s tour with Buffalo Bill’s show in 1893  and 1895; Sitting Bull’s death; Red Tomahawk
    800 – Indian family relationships
    817 – Chief Gall; Warriors her father knew
    910 – Obtaining Government rations; Preparing food; hard  times
    949 – Side Two
    970 – Her father’s religious beliefs; Her childhood
    005 – Her husband and her eight children; Cooking at a  wood camp stove
    047 – Her husband’s work for ranches in the area; Hard  work and hard times; Learning to cook rationed food
    132 – Her marriage; Delivering her own children and  working as a midwife; Naming twins she delivered after twins in an ancient  Indian myth; Roots and other natural substances Indians used for medicine
    395 – Making pemmican
    513 – Indian religion and Christianity compared; Catholic  missionaries; Sitting Bull’s position as Medicine Mann not War Chief
    651 – Wild vegetables and berries Indians cooked
    902 – End of tape
    Comment:  Clara  Ramey is a remarkable woman with an excellent memory.  The entire interview is informative and  fascinating.  Fan noise in the background  makes the first portion of this interview slightly difficult to understand  without a headphone.
Tape #6 Mrs. Bernice Henderson (Solen)(Emmons County)
    000 – Introduction
    020 – Family history; Her parent’s homestead in Emmons  County; Her father’s service in the army at Fort Yates; Stories her father told  Sitting Bull
    140 – Stories about Winona, North Dakota and colorful  characters in the area; Mustache Maude and Ott Black
    192 – Early Solen; Her husband’s family history
    236 – Her education at a rural school in Emmons County;  Her grandfather’s immigration from Germany
    315 – Family history
    342 – Early settlers in Emmons County near the Missouri  River
    403 – Their cattle ranch southwest of Solen; Her children
    473 – White relations with Indians in the area formerly  and now; Land ownership in Sioux County
    730 – Beginning of REA and telephone service in Sioux  County
    735 – Side Two
    750 – Their aggressiveness in ranching and joining  organizations; Their Congregational Church in Solen
    780 – Ease of finding good drinking water; Entertaining  in her house
    812 – Raising cattle during the 1930’s; Selling their  ranch to the Federal Government in 1958; Raising sheep
    860 – Threshing
    876 – Renting pasture land on the Standing Rock  Reservation; Riding fence; Branding cattle; Indian cowboys; Some general  conversation on her recent life
    002 – Nationalities in Sioux County; Dancing to Lawrence  Welk; Social life and churches
    043 – Sociability of people formerly and presently; Her  relationship with Indian people now
    142 – Her service on local government bodies
    189 – Mustache Maud and Ott Black; Horse and cattle  rustlers
    380 – Her admiration for William Guy and Mrs. Guy
    461 – End of tape
    Comment:  The most  informative portions of this tape concern her father.
Tape #7 Mrs. Gladys Zahn (Fort Yates)
    000 – Introduction
    020 – Family history; Her father’s law practice in Fargo  and his involvement in the NPL
    116 – Her college education
    165 – Her teaching jobs in Minnesota and her first  husband
    219 – Her work teaching in the Indian Service in South  Dakota and at Bismarck
    360 – Frank Zahn’s ability at music and sketching
    450 – Teaching in Bismarck and at Fort Yates; Her  courtship and marriage to Frank Zahn; First impression of Fort Yates; Family  history
    687 – Frank Zahn’s musical education; Jim Thorpe’s  wedding; Frank Zahn’s family history; William Zahn and Sitting Bull
    882 – Teaching in the Indian Service; Treatment of  students; Students
    926 – Side Two
    050 – Frank Zahn’s first marriage; His family history and  his life in general; His service as a Judge on Standing Rock Reservation 
    196 – Poor food at the Indian School in Bismarck;  Teaching and working in the School at Fort Yates; Administrative corruption and  the closing of the school
    590 – Her opinion of how Indians should have been treated  by the government and school teachers
    707 – Frank Zahn’s mental anguish as a Judge in criminal  cases involving Indians
    828 – Teaching in Indian schools
    857 – End of tape
    Comment:  Mrs.  Zahn’s interview contains excellent information about the management and  operation of Indian schools in the 1920’s and 1930’s. Accounts of her husband,  Frank Zahn, are also very detailed and instructive.
Tape #8
    Judge William L. Gipp (Fort Yates)
    TAPE A
    000 – Introduction
    020 – Family history; His grandfather’s (William Zahn)  service with Custer
    052 – The Catholic Mission School at Fort Yates; Being  raised as a white man and as an Indian
    071 – Bill Zahn’s wood yard; Ferry boats across the Missouri  at Fort Yates
    090 – Early record players; Life of the Indians in the  early 1900’s; Their pride; Role of men and women in Sioux culture; Getting  permits to leave the reservation; Loss of self-sufficiency and Indian pride;  Opposite values in Indian and white culture
    198 – Indian family relationships
    230 – The woman’s role as head of domestic affairs; Care  of children by the extended family
    291 – Difficulty of transforming from Indian to white  Culture; Indian emphasis on giving
    333 – Tribes on the Standing Rock Reservation; The Seven  Council Fires of The Dakota; The Tribal Circle
    384 – Loss of Indian male’s pride
    424 – Failure of The Dawes Act; The Sioux Benefits  Program; Cattle raising programs; Methods of drying and preserving meat; Origin  of scalping
    550 – French fur traders his grandmother remembered;  Frank Zahn
    594 – Injustice of white treatment of Indians; Broken  treaties
    624 – Creation of Standing Rock Reservation; Indian  stories about Sitting Bull; His rank with chiefs and diplomatic ability
    691 – His education and vocational instruction at the  Catholic School in Fort Yates; The Light Plant at the school; Punishment at the  school; The Catholic Church at Fort Yates; Compulsory church attendance;  Interpreters; Military atmosphere at the school
    926 – Side Two
    043 – Recollections of Indian Agents; Their competence  and their pet programs for the Indian people
    094 – His opinion of recent programs for Indians; His  service on the North Dakota Parole Board
    136 – Operations and jurisdiction of the Tribal Council  and Tribal Court; his terms as Judge on the Tribal Court; Suggestions for  changes in the court system
    411 – The Wheeler-Howard Act of 1934 and its effect on  Tribal Government; Problems of governing the reservation; Hiring employees for  the reservation
    518 – Land ownership on the reservation; Complex heirships
    579 – Changes in policy toward reservation Indians; New  programs
    644 – Growth of female dominance and loss of male’s  traditional role during reservation life; Adaptation of Indian youth to white  society and culture
    772 – The 1930’s on the reservation; Hunting wild game  for food
    836 – Family history
    861 – End of Tape A
    TAPE B
    000 – Family history
    027 – Hospitality of Sioux Indians to whites
    057 – William Zahn’s service in the army; His stories about  Mayor Reno and Custer
    087 – Traditional Indian food; Wild vegetables and  berries
    220 – Loss of bottom land due to Oahe Reservoir; Hunting  and fishing rights on the reservation; Usher Burdick’s work to get compensation  for flooded land on the reservation; Moving people out of the river bottoms
    368 – Usher Burdick’s friendship with the Sioux Indians
    415 – Ration days on the reservation; Obtaining beef and  flour in the early 1900’s; Origin of fry bread
    480 – Reservation delegations to Congress in the early  1900’s and now; The tradition of giving gifts; Hospitality
    699 – End of tape
    Comment:  Judge  Gipp offers some unique insights into the development of tribal government and  courts.  His statements on the  psychological and cultural effects of reservation life and schools are  valuable.
Tape #9 Mr. Leo Cadotte (Fort Yates)
    TAPE A
    000 – Introduction
    020 – Ancient Sioux history; His knowledge of Sioux  history; Lengthy account of Sioux tribes, culture, migrations, and society  prior to reservation life; Sioux oral history tradition; Establishment of  Standing Rock Indian Agency; Family history; Commercialization of Indian  history
    306 – Indian respect for nature; Hospitality; Child  rearing; Living with nature; Sharing food and resources with others
    414 – Sioux migration routes; Pollution of air and water
    458 – Mission schools on the reservation; Indian  religion; Origin of scalping
    541 – Origin of place names in the United States from  Indian words
    634- Congregation of the Sioux Nation in present-day  Nebraska prior to the 1880’s; Indian use of gold in the Black Hills, a sacred  area
    705 – End of Tape A
    TAPE B
    000 – Ancient Sioux ceremonies, sacred areas, and  religion; Emphasis on humility and sharing
    034 – The ancient tribal circle; Governing the tribes and  the authority of different chiefs in the tribe; Hunting buffalo; Care of the  poor and needy in the tribe; Family responsibilities and duties in Sioux  society; Family relationships; Care of children; Honoring generous individuals;  The hardness of Indian culture
    160 – Tribes on the Standing Rock Reservation area in the  1800’s; Organization of the tribal circle and origin of tribal and band names
    263 – First use of horses by Sioux; Migration routes of  the Indians nearly identical to bird migration routes; Indian religion and  knowledge of the supernatural
    367 – Honoring people for generosity; The symbolic  meaning of bestowing an eagle feather to a man
    428 – Mission schools; Vocational instruction; Education  for children today; His belief that North Dakota will have a population boom
    580 – Healthy life of Indians prior to contact with whites;  Natural medicines – herbs and plants
    679 – Preserving Sioux languages; The Sioux oral history  traditions; Natural medicines and natural food as the key to good health
    848 – Traditional Indian food
    905 – The flu epidemic of 1918
    931 – Side Two
    959 – Account of James McLaughlin; General comments on  administering and governing a reservation and dealing with people
    030 – Comment about Sitting Bull and Chiefs in genera;  Qualities needed in a leader; The need for a chief to have the respect and  admiration of the people; The people’s role in decision-making; Selection and  removing chiefs and tribal leaders
    302 – Family history; John Gras; Black Moon; Indian  leaders he knew; Artifacts he owns
    420 – Archaeological excavations in the area
    466 – Getting citizenship in 1924; The ceremony
    539 – The 1930’s on the reservation; CCC; Projects;  Problems of running businesses on the reservation
    604 – Happiness of the Indian people in the early 1900’s;  Increased social problems today; Difficulty of adjusting to white culture
    788 – Loss of male pride during reservation life; Cattle  raising on reservation
    818 – End of interview
    Comment:  Mr.  Cadotte is well informed about Sioux history.   The interview contains much second hand information he picked up from  his grandparents.  His observations on  Indian and white culture and the difficulty of unifying the two are valuable.
Tape #10 Mr. Bert Gwyther (Cannonball)(Grant County and  Morton County)
    000 – Introduction
    020 – Family history; His mother’s family in the Black  Hill’s gold rush; Trains crossing the Missouri River ice prior to building of  the bridge at Bismarck 
    100 – The trail from Mandan to the Black Hills; The army  trail from Bismarck to Fort Yates; Army hunting parties
    145 – Raising cattle in the late 1800’s; Danger of being  on foot around a cattle herd
    195 – Family history; Why his father settled in North  Dakota
    250 – Fort McKeen and the settlement near it; Account of  a soldier named Cadell and his service under Custer; His parent’s home across  the Missouri River from Fort Rice and their move to Fort Rice in 1884
    374 – Railroad line from Mandan to Mott which ran through  their land; Origin of Gwyther, North Dakota – present day Fort Rice
    458 – A huge prairie fire west of the Missouri River  about 1887 which burned what remained of Forth Rice; Account of a cattle  rustler named Kelly who lived in the ruins of the Fort
    686 – The post office in his parent’s home before Fort  Rice town existed
    726 – Homestead rights and “squatting” on land; His  father’s cattle ranch; Wintering cattle; Making hay; Harsh winters; Driving  cattle to Mandan stockyards; Butchering cattle
    937 – Side Two
    974 – Riding the cattle train to Chicago; Traveling to a  Minnesota doctor to get an operation for a hernia; His health
    092 – Steamboats on the Missouri; Shipping wheat on the  boats
    183 – His brother’s lumberyard in Fort Rice; Businesses  and businessmen in early Fort Rice
    260 – End of open range in the area; The Parkin Ranch  near Cannonball in the late 1800’s; other ranches in Sioux County
    463- Raising and selling horses
    509 – Sheep ranchers and cattlemen in the area; Early  cattle buyers
    605 – The Cannonball Ranch; A halfway stopover for stages  from Fort Yates to Mandan; Early Cannonball; High School Parkin
    669 – Wintering horses on open range
    696 – Early Glencoe; Hardships of homesteading; Prices  for grain and manufactured items in the early 1900’s; Making cornmeal and  cracked wheat cereal
    795 – Making a living during the 1930’s; Bank failures
    868 – End of interview
    Comment:  This is a  valuable interview.  Mr. Gwyther’s  recollections of early Fort Rice – originally named Gwyther – and of cattle  ranching in the area are particularly informative.
Tape #11 Mr. Charles Goodreaux
    TAPE A
    000 – Introduction
    020 – Grandfather moves to Standing Rock; Family history;  Father’s ranch; Turkey Track Bill; Turkey Track Bill’s murder charge
    188 – Ott Black; Moustache Maude; Wild horses in Sioux  County; Working for the government rounding up horses; ZT, L7, and Triangle 7  ranches
    280 – Winter camps; Line riders and Wolfers on early  ranches; Grey wolves; Hunting wolves
    367 – Dad works for Medicine Hat Ranch in Canada;  Family’s allotment on reservation
    434 – Making hay in early days; Dad elected first Sheriff  in Corson County, South Dakota; Bare fisted prize fights in Emmons County
    532 – Cattle rustling; Montana law for cattle rustlers;  Ott Black as cattle rustler
    626 – More on family ranch; Family rides into town on  first train; Early Shields; Shields Enterprise; More on father’s background
    788 – Early Shields businessmen
    805 – Tape goes bad – continued on next cassette
    TAPE B
    020 – Herding cows in Highland Acres area of Bismarck;  Driving the horse drawn school bus for Indian Government School in Bismarck;  The milking operation; Catholicism in Indian School
    080 – Making a living on father’s land allotment; Picture  talk
    115 – First airplane Charles saw; First car ride;  Traveling before roads were built; Fences and open range
    179 – Sid Parkins’ Ranch; Lease prices for Indian land
    205 – Homesteaders come to reservation; Opinion of  homesteading on reservations; Size of reservation; white man ownership of  Indian land
    257 – 30’s on the reservation; Cattle slaughtering and  burying; Area doctors
    415 – Happier days in the 20’s; Taking care of his  mother; Mother tied to a bed in a home; Decline of family
    555 – Horse stories; Rodeos; Powwows
    689 – End of interview
Tape #12 Mr. and Mrs. Forrest Otis
    000 – Introduction
    020 – Family history (South Dakota)
    030 – Background of his coming to Fort Yates and working  in the trading store in 1926; Purchase of his store in Cannonball
    098 – Reasons he was attracted to the reservation; Indian  celebrations; Fairs and rodeos
    135 – His childhood in South Dakota
    147 – His work with Chautauqua shows in North Dakota in  the 1920’s
    312 – Description of Fort Yates during the 1920’s; Life  for Indians on the reservation in the 1920’s; Tent homes; Learning to speak  Sioux; His relations with and opinion of the Indian people; Their honesty
    410 – Items sold in Hatch’s store at Fort Yates; The  electrical generating plant in Fort Yates; Gas lamps and wind chargers
    469 – The stage (truck) from Fort Yates to McLaughlin;  Social life and entertainment; Early radios
    499 – Relations between Indians and whites on the reservation  and at parties
    528 – Superintendents and government policy toward the  Indians; Indian schools in Fort Yates; Regulation of individual payments to  Indians by government officials
    615 – His honesty in dealing with Indian people; The  trust Indian people had in his honesty; Government policy toward Indians;  Sources of income for the Indian people
    758 – Changes in Indian life through adaptation of  children to white culture; Happiness of the Indian people formerly and now
    951 – Side Two
    953 – Traditional food of the Sioux people; Pemmican and  flat bread; Wild vegetables and berries
    030 – Recollections of old Indian people he knew in the  1920’s and 1930’s; Dislike of Indian Agency personnel by the older Indians
    133 – Survival of old Indian customs in the 1920’s and  1930’s; Marriages, burials, and special ceremonies
    162 – Efforts to Christianize the Sioux; Tolerance of  ancient Indian beliefs by Catholic priests
    190 – Schools in Fort Yates; Discipline of the children;  Churches in Fort Yates
    247 – Recollections of old cowboys and other old timers;  Indian and white paying in silver dollars at his store
    325 – Recollections of Frank Zahn and Frank Fisk; Summer  picnics and baseball games; Anecdotes about “characters” in the Cannonball area
    440 – Slight powers of the tribal council and tribal  court compared to that of the superintendent
    463 – Intermarriage of Indians and whites; Anecdotes  about various married couples
    548 – Their marriage; Life on the reservation during the  1930’s; The isolation of Fort Yates in the winter; Poor roads
    654 – Alcoholism among Indians and whites
    685 – Giving credit and collecting bills at his store;  Honesty of the Indian people; Changes in the standard of living on the  reservation; Good relations they had with their Indian customers
    911 – End of interview
    Comment:  This  interview is very informative on the subject of running a trading store on the  Standing Rock Reservation from 1926 to 1964.   Anecdotes about various people are entertaining and informative.
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